Urgent Action Needed to Reduce Growing Health and Environmental Hazards from Chemicals: UN Report

Chemical ‘Intensification’ of Economies in Developing Countries Means Greater Risk of Exposure to Hazardous Substances

 

New Study Shows Sound Management of Chemicals Can Deliver Major Economic Benefits and Support Green Economy

These risks are compounded by the steady shift in the production, use and disposal of chemical products from developed countries to emerging and developing economies, where safeguards and regulations are often weaker, says the report.

UNEP’s Global Chemicals Outlook, released on September 5, 2012 highlights the major economic burden caused by chemical hazards, particularly in developing countries.

The report reveals that the estimated costs of poisonings from pesticides in sub-Saharan Africa now exceeds the total annual overseas development aid given to the region for basic health services, excluding HIV/AIDS.

Between 2005 and 2020, the accumulated cost of illness and injury linked to pesticides in small scale farming in sub-Saharan Africa could reach USD $90 billion. 

Sound chemicals management can reduce these financial and health burdens, while improving livelihoods, supporting ecosystems, reducing pollution and developing green technology, says the study. 

The release of the report – the first comprehensive assessment of its kind – follows renewed commitments by countries at the Rio+20 summit in June to prevent the illegal dumping of toxic wastes, develop safer alternatives to hazardous chemicals in products, and increase the recycling of waste, among other measures.  

By examining global chemicals trends and their economic implications, the UNEP report maps out the most effective approaches for decision-makers to deliver on these commitments.

“Communities worldwide – particularly those in emerging and developing countries – are increasingly dependent on chemical products, from fertilizers and petrochemicals to electronics and plastics, for economic development and improving livelihoods,” said UN Under-Secretary General and UNEP Executive Director, Achim Steiner.

“But the gains that chemicals can provide must not come at the expense of human health and the environment. Pollution and disease related to the unsustainable use, production and disposal of chemicals can, in fact, hinder progress towards key development targets by affecting water supplies, food security, well-being or worker productivity. Reducing hazards and improving chemicals management – at all stages of the supply chain – is, thus, an essential component of the transition to a low carbon, resource efficient and inclusive Green Economy,” added Mr. Steiner.

At the Johannesburg World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) in 2002, UN member states set a target that by 2020, chemicals should be produced and used in ways that lead to the minimization of significant adverse effects on human health and the environment.

“The economic analysis presented in the Global Chemicals Outlook demonstrates that sound chemicals management is as valid an area as education, transport, infrastructure, direct health care services and other essential public services. This could foster the creation of many green, decent and healthy jobs and livelihoods for developed and developing countries,” said Dr. Maria Neira, WHO Director for Public Health and Environment. 

“Effective long-term management of chemicals and wastes lays the foundations for a thriving Green Economy, for ensuring a healthier environment, and for a fairer distribution of development benefits across society,” added Dr. Neira.

In recent years, international conventions, governments and corporations have taken significant steps in developing national and international capacities for managing chemicals safely and soundly.

But the Global Chemicals Outlook states that the pace of progress has been slow, and that results are too often insufficient.

Global Chemical Trends: Environment and Health Impacts

In developing and emerging economies, products of the chemicals industry – such as dyes, detergents and adhesives among others – are rapidly replacing traditional plant, animal or ceramic-based products.

According to the UNEP report, global chemical sales are set to increase by around 3 per cent a year until 2050.

Africa and the Middle East are set to register an average 40 per cent increase in chemical production between 2012 and 2020, with Latin America expected to see a 33 per cent rise.

This chemical ‘intensification’ of economies, as termed by the UNEP report, means that synthetic chemicals are fast becoming the largest constituents of waste streams and pollution around the world – thereby increasing the exposure of humans and habitats to chemical hazards.

Key environmental concerns include pesticide and fertilizer contamination of rivers and lakes, heavy metal pollution associated with cement and textile production, and dioxin contamination from mining.

Run-off from fertilizers and pesticides is contributing to a growing number of oxygen-poor ‘dead zones’ in coastal waters.

According to UNEP’s Global Environment Outlook 5, released in June 2012, only 13 of the world’s 169 coastal dead zones are recovering.

Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) can be transported over long distances in the air and later be deposited onto land and water resources. These chemicals can accumulate in organisms as they move up the food chain.

Mercury, for example, is transformed by aquatic organisms into compounds that can reach tens of thousands of times the concentration originally found in water.

As well as harming biodiversity, this can have a serious effect on fisheries – an important source of protein and livelihoods for millions of people worldwide.

Global Chemical Trends: Economic Implications

A transition towards sustainable production, use and disposal of chemicals can yield significant economic benefits in terms of development, poverty reduction and reduced risks to human health and the environment, says the Global Chemicals Outlook.

Poor management of chemicals is incurring multi-billion dollar costs worldwide – most of which are not borne by manufacturers or others along the supply chain, but instead by social welfare systems or individuals.

In developed and developing countries, longer, more complex supply chains, and the introduction of new chemical compounds mean that products are now more likely to fail to meet safety standards, according to the UNEP report.

This can increase the risk of industrial accidents, and the heavy financial and health burdens they bring. Costs incurred due to asbestos and contaminated drywall, for example, total over USD $125 billion worldwide – and the figure is still rising.

In developing and emerging countries, major economic gains can be made through sustainable agriculture practices, such as integrated pest management (IPM).

IPM involves using fewer chemicals, and introducing alternative methods such as crop rotation, providing conditions for natural enemies of pests and better pest monitoring.

In potato farms in Ecuador, IPM was introduced to tackle high pesticide poisoning rates. The IPM plantations yielded as many or more potatoes, but with over 20 per cent less production costs, than plots using chemical pesticides. Reported cases of pesticide-related neurological problems also fell.

Indonesia introduced as early as the1990s an Integrated Pest Management programme that helped farmers to reduce the use of pesticides by over 50 per cent and increase yields by approximately 10 per cent. 

Economic gains from implementing the country’s 2001-2020 national IPM programme are estimated to be equivalent to 3.65 per cent of Indonesia’s GDP in 2000. 

Predicted benefits over a 19-year-period include the avoidance of over 20,000 cases of acute poisonings among rice farmers, a total accumulated GDP gain equivalent to 22 per cent of Indonesia’s GDP in 2000, and an increase in household income by up to 5 per cent.

The global benefits from the phase-out of leaded fuel amount to USD $2.45 trillion, or 4 per cent of global annual GDP.

Better end-of-life chemicals management can also support the recovery of valuable materials from waste. This is particularly relevant to electronic waste (e-waste), which is recycled or dismantled for precious metals such as gold or copper – increasingly in developing countries. 

E-waste recycling in developing countries is a largely unregulated sector, where workers are routinely exposed to many harmful chemicals, such as dioxins released by burning cables.

In Ghana, the introduction of safer, more efficient recycling technologies, which avoid burning, resulted in a 45 per cent increase in the revenue received per recycled desktop computer.

Additionally, up to 90 per cent of ozone-depleting substances found in e-waste were recovered using improved recycling techniques.

Way Forward and Recommendations

Many countries have over the past four decades implemented legal frameworks, regulatory authorities and other measures to reduce chemical hazards.

Chemicals manufacturers have also developed new methods and guidelines to strengthen such efforts.

On the international level, the UNEP-hosted Strategic Approach to International Chemicals Management (SAICM) and the UN’s Hazardous Chemicals and Wastes Conventions provide regulatory and voluntary frameworks for promoting the sound management of chemicals.

But despite such progress, the Global Chemicals Outlook states that more effort is needed at all stages of the chemicals supply chain, if the 2020 goal of the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation is to be achieved, and the related economic, environmental and health benefits realized. 

The report outlines key approaches for a global transition to improved chemicals management - particularly in developing and emerging economies:

Many countries are already moving ahead with fresh approaches to chemicals.

Brazil has established a National Commission on Chemical Safety to improve coordination among government agencies, while Costa Rica has also established a similar body.

In Uganda, a UN-backed initiative has overseen the integration of chemical management priorities into the country’s Five Year National Development Plan.

“From sustainable agriculture, to green buildings and waste management, sound chemicals management is an essential ingredient for almost all sectors in the transition towards a Green Economy,” said UNEP Executive Director, Achim Steiner.

“But to harness the economic benefits of sound chemicals management, closer cooperation and better planning is required between government ministries, public and private sectors, and others in the chemicals supply chain.” 

“This requires broad and ambitious efforts, underpinned by strategic financing. Such action can elevate chemicals management to the top of the international policy agenda and help deliver inclusive sustainable development,” added Mr. Steiner.

The Global Chemicals Outlook lays out other specific recommendations for countries, corporations and civil society to accelerate progress towards the 2020 goal, and ensure the sound management of chemicals. These include:

Notes to Editors

Notes to Editors

About the UN’s Hazardous Chemicals and Wastes Conventions

Three conventions developed under UNEP auspices together provide an international framework governing the environmentally sound management of hazardous chemicals throughout their lifecycles.

The Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal was adopted in 1989 in response to concerns about toxic waste from industrialized countries being dumped in developing countries and countries with economies in transition.

The Rotterdam Convention on the Prior Informed Consent Procedure for Certain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides in International Trade was adopted in 1998. Dramatic growth in chemicals production and trade during the past three decades had highlighted the potential risks posed by hazardous chemicals and pesticides.

The Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) was adopted in 2001 in response to the urgent need for global action to protect human health and the environment from POPs. These are highly toxic and persistent, chemicals that can bioaccumulate and move long distances in the environment. The Convention seeks the elimination or restriction of production and use of all intentionally produced POPs

UNEP provides the secretariats for the Basel and Stockholm Conventions in Geneva. UNEP and the UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) jointly provide the Rotterdam secretariat, which is located in Geneva and in Rome.

For more information on the three conventions, visit www.pops.int

About SAICM

The Strategic Approach to International Chemicals Management (SAICM) – to which UNEP provides the Secretariat – is a policy framework to promote chemical safety around the world. SAICM has as its overall objective the achievement of the sound management of chemicals throughout their life cycle so that, by 2020, chemicals are produced and used in ways that minimize significant adverse impacts on human health and the environment. This “2020 goal” was adopted by the World Summit on Sustainable Development in 2002 as part of the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation.

Objectives are grouped under five themes: risk reduction; knowledge and information; governance; capacity-building and technical cooperation; and illegal international traffic. For more information, visit http://www.saicm.org/